The Evolution of CGH/ Comparative Genomic Hybridization -EGG and Embryo Testing at SIRM/Reprocure

The Evolution of CGH/ Comparative Genomic Hybridization -EGG and Embryo Testing at SIRM/Reprocure

THE EVOLUTION OF CGH EGG AND EMBRYO TESTING AT SIRM

Geoffrey Sher MD

Three problems have restricted the growth of IVF in the U.S: 1) Cost of service and lack of insurance reimbursement, 2) Ignorance of the fact that IVF is far more efficacious than other infertility treatment and, 3) OB-Gyn’s and/or Reproductive Endocrinologists (RE’s) that do not have the necessary expertise required to optimize ART outcome.

Since most insurance providers do not cover IVF services, most IVF costs have to be shouldered by the consumer. The reason why insurance providers have been reluctant to cover IVF are: a) absence of a verifiable reporting system on IVF outcomes, b) poor IVF success rates per embryo transfer and, c) an alarming incidence of high-order multiple pregnancies.

A “competent egg” is one that in most cases upon fertilization will propagate a chromosomally normal embryo and, a “competent embryo” is one that is karyotypically normal and which upon reaching a receptive uterus is most likely to spawn a viable pregnancy. Hitherto, the lack of reliably in identifying “competent eggs/embryos” has led to an inability to select the best embryo(s) for transfer. As a consequence implantation rates have been low (averaging at 15-25% per embryo in young women). In an attempt to improve I VF results, many RE’s have tended to transfer several embryos at a time, which explains the virtual explosion in the rate of IVF-induced high-order multiple births (triplets or greater) in the U.S.   This in turn explains the reluctance on the part of most insurance companies to cover IVF services.

There is a profound lack of correlation between the microscopic appearance (grading) of embryos and embryo “competency”. Moreover Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis/Sampling (PGD/S) of human eggs and embryos for their chromosomal integrity, using Fluorescence in-situ Hybridization (FISH) is only fractionally more reliable. The reason is that FISH cannot fully access all the chromosomes in the egg/embryo….in fact, only about half of them. Thus, even when FISH reveals that all the accessed chromosomes are normal, there still remains more than a 45% chance of chromosomal aneuploidy involving those chromosomes not targeted by the test.  The incidence increases to about 60% by the time the woman reaches her forties. This constitutes a serious drawback when it comes to attempting to select the most “competent” eggs or embryos for transfer in IVF.

In 2007, we reported in the journal “Fertility and Sterility” on a study (Click Here to View the Study) where we fully karyotyped mature eggs (M2 oocytes) using metaphase comparative genomic hybridization (mCGH) rather than FISH. Unlike FISH, CGH can identify all the chromosomes, thereby providing a reliable measure of “competency”.  This study showed that the transfer of 1-2 embryos/blastocysts derived from CGH-normal eggs (mean=1.7 per woman), resulted in live births >70% of the time ( i.e. > double the national average).  In the process, the risk of multiple pregnancies was markedly lower, and chromosomal miscarriages and birth defects were drastically reduced.

Since CGH requires several weeks to be completed, it is not possible to perform the test on day 3 embryos and still be able to transfer them fresh to the uterus.  It is therefore necessary to cryobank and store the embryos until mCGH results become available.  The problem has been that conventional (slow) freezing damages eggs/embryos because it results in ice formation in the blastomeres (embryo’s component cells), damaging the embryo and reducing viability.

The solution arrived about 5 years ago through a major advance in freezing technology referred to as vitrification, an ultra-rapid freezing technique that eliminates intracellular ice formation.  As a result, vitrified embryos can now be banked indefinitely while retaining virtually the same viability as their fresh counterparts. Thus it is possible to defer embryo transfer by vitrifying and cryobanking embryos until CGH results became available.  Accordingly, it is presently possible to use CGH on the egg and/or the embryo in order to identify those that are most likely to be competent.

Since, in the face of normal sperm function, 90% of the embryo’s chromosomal integrity is determined by the egg and NOT by the sperm, egg CGH can indeed be safely employed in cases where there is no sperm dysfunction.  In cases of male infertility however, where sperm dysfunction increases the risk of embryo chromosomal aberrations (aneuploidy), we prefer to biopsy the embryo so as to take the sperm’s contribution into account.

The process of splitting the cycle in two ; i.e. performing CGH on the first polar body of the egg or on a blastomere taken from a day 3 embryo, allowing the embryos to go to blastocyst, cryobanking these, and deferring the embryo transfer to another time, is referred to as Staggered -IVF (St-IVF).

Our results using St-IVF have been very encouraging. The transfer of up to two “CGH-normal” embryos has consistently yielded about a 60% chance of a live birth, a 3-4 fold reduction in the risk of miscarriages (which are usually due to aneuploidy), a minimal risk of chromosomal birth defects such as Down syndrome, and a virtual elimination of high order multiple pregnancies (triplets or greater).  It also provides an excellent (hitherto unavailable) tool by which to differentiate between embryo and implantation-related causes of IVF failure and pregnancy loss.

Click here for a more detailed description of Staggered IVF