Welcome to IVF Authority - World Renowned Resource for IVF Information

Welcome to IVF Authority Blog

Search by Topic

    Search by Date

      << Back to IVF Page

      • Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction (IID): A common Cause of Repeated, “Unexplained” IVF Failure

      Dr. Geoffrey Sher Recommends

      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Phone:
      702-892-9696

      Fax:
      702-892-9666

      The financial and emotional cost associated with unexplained infertility or repeated IVF failures can be devastating. So, to advise couples who have failed one or more attempts that all it would take to ultimately succeed would be to keep on trying over and over again, is both overly simplistic and disingenuous.

      About seven to eight days after fertilization, the embryo’s root system begins communicating with the immune cells (lymphocytes) in the uterine lining (endometrium) through an interchange of growth factors known as cytokines. It is upon the integrity of this communicative process (known as the “cytokine network”) that regulated intrusion of the embryo’s root system (that will eventually develop into the placenta) is predicated.

      Thus a dysfunctional immunologic interaction between the developing conceptus and the mother can cause all kinds of reproductive problems ranging from failed implantation (presenting as “unexplained” infertility or repeated IVF failure) and miscarriage, to intrauterine growth retardation, stillbirth, fetal loss, and reduced post-birth neurologic and physical development.

      It follows that proper implantation is not only a prerequisite for embryonic survival, it is also a major factor in determining intrauterine growth and development of the baby and perhaps most importantly it ultimately can influence the very quality of life after birth.

      There are basically two categories of Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction (ID):

      Autoimmune ID:
      This is by far the most common variety. It is believed to be implicated in >90% of cases of immunologic implantation dysfunction and occurs when an immunologic reaction is produced by the individual, to his/her body’s own cellular components. The most common antibodies that form in such situations are:

      a) Anti-phospholipid antibodies (APA)
      b) Antithyroid antibodies (ATA)
      c) Antiovarian antibodies.

      But, it is only when specialized immune cells in the uterine lining known as Natural Killer (NK) Cells, become activated (NKa) and start to release “toxins” that attack the root system of the embryo, that implantation potential is jeopardized. Diagnosis of such NK cell activation (Nka) requires highly specialized blood and/or endometrial tests that can only be performed in a handful of reproductive immunology laboratories in the United States.

      Since Autoimmune ID is often genetically transmitted, it is not surprising that it is more likely to exist in women who have a family (or personal) history of primary autoimmune diseases such as Lupus Erythematosus (LE), Scleroderma, clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism, Rheumatoid Arthritis etc. Reactionary (secondary) autoimmunity can occur in conjunction with any medical condition associated with widespread tissue damage. One such gynecologic condition is endometriosis.

      Autoimmune ID is usually lethal to the implanting embryo. This is because it destroys the embryo’s root system from the get-go. Accordingly, it most commonly presents as “unexplained infertility” or “unexplained (often repeated) IVF failure” rather than as a miscarriage. Autoimmune ID is readily amenable to reversal through timely, appropriately administered, selective immunotherapy (see below).

      Alloimmune ID:
      This is relatively uncommon, accounting for less than 10% of cases of ID. Alloimmune ID is associated with a reaction to cell components (e.g sperm antigens) derived from another member of the same species (e.g., sperm). Thus, it is the sperm contribution to the embryo (i.e. the paternal antigen) that makes the embryo an allograft. It is quite remarkable therefore, that an embryo which in the vast majority of cases is immunogically “different” to the mother, thrives in her uterus. This paradoxical arrangement came about through magnificent evolutionary adaptations that allowed this to take place. Uterine immune cells (especially NK cells and T-cells) play a pivotal roll in this accommodation. They do so through a balanced release of growth factors (cytokines).

      So it is that in less than 10% of IVF cases that are associated with ID the embryo (through the contribution made by the sperm) shares too many genetically similar characteristics with the host (the mother). When this happens, repeated exposures to such an embryo will over time evoke an imbalance in the cytokines released by the uterine immune cells. This is characterized by activation of uterine NK cells (Nka). In such cases the “root system” of the embryo” can be compromised and the the embryo may be destroyed immediately but most often will instead “limp” along only to miscarry when its supply of nutrients and oxygen is outstripped by demand.

      Thus alloimmune ID usually does not destroy the embryo immediately. Rather, after sustained erosion of its reserve, the conceptus will miscarry.

      We diagnose alloimmune ID by testing the male and female partners for shared of genetic markers known as of as DQa and HLA. A sufficient degree of matching clinches the diagnosis. We also test the embryo recipient for Nka in an attempt to measure the relative severity of the problem. This is because once the NK cells in the uterine lining are activated and the cytokine balance is disrupted, the situation is grave and will remain so (or worsen) unless the NKa cells are medically deactivated (down-regulated) at least 1 week in advance of the embryo(s) reaching the uterus.

      It usually takes repeated exposures of uterine NK cells to an alloimmune matching embryo for these cells to become activated (NKa). Until this happens a pregnancy can be established and even proceed to a normal birth inspite of the ID. Subsequently over time, with repeated exposures of matching embryos to the mother’s uterus, NK cells will become activated and the couple will find themselves miscarrying. Eventually the NKa will become permanently established and the couple will fail to conceive. It is thus not unusual to find such couples going from having a baby together through a stage of repeated miscarriages to one of secondary infertility.

      Unfortunately, immunotherapy for alloimmune ID is not as likely to be as successful as with the treatment of autoimmune ID. Selective immunotherapy is simply not invariably curative in the case of the former. While selective immunotherapy significantly improves the chances of success, in cases of alloimmune ID, it cannot assure a successful outcome.

      Heparin and Aspirin Therapy
      There is compelling evidence that the subcutaneous administration of regular heparin twice daily or low molecular heparin (Clexane, Lovenox) once daily, (starting with the onset of ovarian stimulation) significantly improves IVF birth rates in women who test positive for APAs.

      Aspirin on the other hand, has little if any value and in my opinion. The reason for this is because it increases the potential to bleed. This effect can last for up to a week and could add bleeding risk to the egg retrieval procedure and resulting in intrauterine bleeding at the time of embryo transfer, potentially compromising IVF success.

      IVIG and Intralipid Therapy
      The main objective of selective immunotherapy for immunologic ID is to down-regulate (reduce toxicity) of Nka. In the past, the only effective and allowable way to accomplish in the U.S was through the intravenous infusion of a blood product known as immunoglobulin-G (IVIG). However, the administration of a blood product raised understandable concerns about the transmission of viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis.

      To make matters worse, competing IVF clinics capitalized on all this bad press by raising red flags and sometimes going as far as to caution infertile couples against seeking IVF services from those who dared to offer access to IVIG. This created “a herd mentality” that severely harmed the practices of those of us who recommended selective IVIG therapy.

      Notwithstanding this, we were not willing to be dissuaded by prejudice or malice from doing what we knew was the right thing and the reward for taking this stance which came in the form of thousands of babies (that otherwise would never have been born) now brightens the lives of an equivalent number of couples that otherwise would have remained childless.

      In 2006, reports began to surface regarding a product called Intralipid (IL), a synthetic product which, upon being administered intravenously prior to embryo transfer, would elicit a similar regulatory effect on Nka as IVIG had achieved. In 2007 we began administering IL to patients with NKa. At first this treatment was confined to those who needed IVIG but for diverse reasons refused the treatment. Later we expanded the trial to other IVF patients with NKa. Todate we have treated more than 200 women with IL with impressive results (soon to be published). Against this background, SIRM physicians have all but abandoned IVIG, supplanting it with IL.

      Compared to IVIG which costs about $4000-$5000 per infusion and can evoke unpleasant and potentially dangerous side effects, IL, when used as recommended by SIRM, is virtually devoid of risk and/or side effects and costs less than $400 per infusion (i.e. 1/10th of the cost of IVIG).

      Corticosteroid Therapy (Prednisone, Prednisilone and Dexamethasone)
      Steroid therapy is a mainstay in most IVF programs. Some programs prescribe daily oral methyl prednisilone while others prescribe prednisone or dexamethasone, commencing with the initiation of ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins, and continuing until after the ultrasound the diagnosis of pregnancy.

      Any seed, if it is to thrive and develop into a healthy plant, requires that it be placed in a fertile soil. So also does a successful pregnancy require that an optimal seed (embryo)/soil (endometrium) relationship be established.

      In about 70% of cases, reproductive failure is due to poor embryo “competency” issues, while in 30% of cases, a non-receptive endometrium is the reason for failure. It follows that with IVF, focusing entirely on embryo (seed) quality will not reduce the risk of failure in patients with endometrial receptivity (soil) problems.

      The evaluation for immunologic dysfunction as well as for other factors that can affect implantation should form part of the evaluation of patients preparing to undergo IVF, and especially so in women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), women with a personal or family history of autoimmune conditions, and women with “unexplained” infertility or IVF failure(s).

      Tags: ,

      24 Responses to “Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction (IID): A common Cause of Repeated, “Unexplained” IVF Failure”

      1. trevorandamanda says:
        June 26, 2009 at 2:47 pm

        Dr. Sher,

        Is it possible to find these immunologic dysfunctions in patients who already have children? Is that possible?

        Thanks,
        Amanda

        Reply
      2. Susan says:
        October 10, 2009 at 7:46 am

        Dr. Sher,

        I tested positive for this and also have an auto immune disorder. I am currently on Heparin injections via this IVF cycle.

        From your past experience, are my chances still better on Heparin injections or does the Intrilipid infusion show a better success rate?

        Thanks,
        Susan

        Reply
      3. Geoffrey Sher, MD says:
        March 8, 2010 at 10:57 pm

        It very much depends on the type of IID you have. As an example , if it is alloimmune, heparin wont help. Nor will it help if there is increased NK cell activation.

        Geoff Sher

        Reply
      4. Tibetan says:
        November 27, 2010 at 11:52 am

        Dr. Sher, I tested negative for immune issues 9 years ago. I've given birth to 2 healthy children, before and after this testing. My husband fathered both, as well as one other child in a previous relationship. Could I still need the immune testing after all this?

        Reply
      5. MrsFields says:
        April 30, 2012 at 10:06 am

        I have had 2 consecutive blighted ovems. I have stage IV Endometriosis (treated in 2010 w CO2 excision) , borderline APA, low AMHormone and low progesterone. My current RE doesn’t seem to be very knowledgeable about ALLO or autoimmune implantation dysfunction or rather he is slow to accept it; and I would hate to have to go through the emotional and physical toil of yet another miscarriage before I really figure out what’s wrong.. do you believe I should come to your facility in Dallas to get treated?

        Reply
      6. Geoffrey Sher says:
        May 1, 2012 at 1:08 am

        Indeed, if you live in close proximity to SIRM-Dallas and you want an in-person consultation, contact that office and meet with Dr Saleh.

        However, if you live outside the area you can have a telephone of audio-visual consultation with me by calling 800-780-7437.

        Geoff Sher

        Reply
      7. Estella says:
        May 4, 2012 at 12:59 pm

        Dr. Sher,

        I am currently doing mini-IVF, although after reading through your site am finding my clinic’s procedure a bit different. I miscarried years ago and have unexplained fertility but no one has ever thought to ask me about a history of auto immune or tested for that. Is is possible to take heperin even if I have not been tested for this type of problem? I am supposed to have embryos transferred in a few days and would hate to learn after wards that taking heparin would have resulted in a positive outcome. Also, is it possible to use frozen embryos at another clinic if this transfer does not work? I am feeling some regret after reading how thoroughly it appears you approach this and treat each patient that I am not already working with you. :)

        Thank you!

        Reply
        • Geoffrey Sher says:
          May 5, 2012 at 1:07 am

          Ideally you should have been tested in advance of the cycle. Heparin is not my major concern, but if there is in addition an underlying NK cell activation (by the K-562 target cell test) , you would have needed intralipid, 7 days prior to the ET. Indeed the blastocysts can be cryobanked (vitrified) and transferred bat another center , later.

          I wish I could advise you how to proceed.

          Geoff Sher

          Reply
      8. P says:
        August 30, 2012 at 11:53 am

        Dear Dr Sher,
        I have had 4 early pregnancy losses and after some general testing my RE concluded that there is no problem on general blood, genetic, sperm, uterin cavity testings and that the issue is probably the quality of my egg. He put me on clomid for one cycle and now suggests that I do injections for super ovulation with IUI. I am relatively fertile as shown by my 4 losses in the last 9 months (all losses biochemical between week 4 and 6). My immunologist (who I saw for hives I get during these pregnancies) ran a more comprehensive test and found I have anticardiolipin IgM of 45 and prolonged ATPP test but no antilupus antico antibody. My immunologist diagnosed me with APS and said I should go on heparin as soon as I have a positive test. My RE is not worried about this and thinks I should only take baby aspirin (I was on baby aspirin during two losses). I have postponed the injectable cycle for this month as I didn’t feel confident that my RE has a proper game plan to keep me pregnant should it occur and didn’t want to spend 5000 dollars just to have another biochemical pregnancy. I know you can’t diagnose me without seeing and testing but unfortunately I am in Canada and would love to hear your advice on what to do. I feel like I need a second opinion on this.
        Thank you in advance for your help!

        Reply
        • Geoffrey Sher says:
          August 30, 2012 at 3:26 pm

          Respectfully, anticardiolipin being raised alone is in my opinion not of concern. More important would be if you have activated uterine natural killer cells (see the articles below).Might I recommend that you go to the home page on this site, find a “search bar” in the upper right hand column and type in the following subjects into the bar and it will take you to all the relevant articles I posted there.

           “Recurrent pregnancy loss”)
           “Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction” (posted on May, 10th and on May 16th respectively.
           “Embryo Implantation………” (Part-1 and Part- 2—-Posted August 2012)
           “Traveling for IVF from Out of State/Country– The Process at SIRM-Las Vegas” (posted on March, 21st 2012)
           “A personalized, stepwise approach to IVF at SIRM”; Parts 1 & 2 (posted March, 2012)

          You might consider calling 800-780-7437 or 702-699-7437 to arrange a video conference (or Skype) consultation (free of charge to those who reside in the United States or Canada). If need be, someone from SIRM-Patient Relations can contact you in advance of the consultation and assist you in setting this up through your computer. Such audiovisual interaction it is much more personable than a discussion by telephone. However, if you prefer the latter, this too can be arranged.

          Geoff Sher

          Reply
      9. Shelley says:
        September 24, 2012 at 11:40 am

        Dear Dr. Sher,

        I am currently in the process of a frozen embryo transfer cycle with cgh tested embryos. We had 7 of our 8 embryos make it to blast, all being fairly high quality. We have had 1 prior fresh transfer of a single blast which failed to implant. We then did a frozen transfer of 2 blasts which also failed. From what I have read I am pretty certain I have endometriosis although I never had symptoms prior to the IVF cycles. I now get incredibly intense cramps during the progesterone initiation phase of my cycles. My Dr. recommended depot lupron as a treatment, but from what I have read this treatment seems almost barbaric especially because I only have problems when cycling.

        I know it is too late to do anything with this cycle, which is part if the reason I elected to only transfer one of our four embryos. However, if this doesn’t work I really want to look into this testing. Would I be able to do treatment with your clinic if necessary and still do the transfer with my embryos at my home clinic? I really feel that I have implantation issues and I don’t want to waste Amy more embryos. Thanks for any advice you can provide.

        Reply
        • Geoffrey Sher says:
          September 24, 2012 at 1:02 pm

          It sounds very much as if there is an underlying implantation dysfunction (possibly immunologic) that needs to be flushed out before you proceed any further. Unfortunately, I cannot be involved with evaluations while you are under the care of another RE.

          Good luck!

          Geoff Sher

          Reply
      10. Lindsay says:
        October 22, 2012 at 8:20 pm

        Dr. Sher,

        I truly appreciate your attention to those who have asked for your guidance. I have a healthy son born in 2009. I had no issues getting pregnant at that time and no health issues, other than my asthma. Once I stopped breast feeding a year later, I developed Chronic Urticaria (rendering me extremely allergic to all NSAIDS). After an almost 2 year journey, it has been found that I am hypothyroid and have Sjogren’s…the medicines prescribed for these significantly helped with my hives. I got pregnant in July of this year (after learning of all my autoimmune issues) and lost the baby in week 5. Now, (because of unbelievable pains in my abdomen to the right that has no apparent cause) I find that I have a small fibroid in my uterus, am anemic, and have another cyst on my right ovary (had a burst cyst last August on that same ovary). I am deeply concerned that my AI diseases have now impacted my ability to maintain a pregnancy. I was hoping you could provide some information/guidance on what steps I should take to increase fertility/full term pregnancy? No one seemed to take much consideration or show concern to the fact that it could all be related. Does my future seem as though it may hold fertility treatments/planned pregnancies with dr’s aid in it?

        Thank you very much for your time,
        Lindsay

        Reply
        • Geoffrey Sher says:
          October 22, 2012 at 9:01 pm

          Hi Lindsay,

          Sorry to learn of your tribulations. I agree with you that your autoimmune state might be playing a role in your recent reproductive problems. You need to have your blood sent to a Reproductive Immunology Laboratory (I recommend Reproductive Immunology Associates in Van Nuys, CA or Reprosource in Boston, MA) for the following tests: ANA; APA; antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal antibodies; Immunophenotype and a K-562 Target cell test for natural killer cell activity (NKa).

          I also suggest that you go to the home page of http://www.IVFauthority.com and when you get there, look for the “search bar” in the upper right hand column. Type in the following subjects into the bar and it will take you to all the relevant articles I posted there.

           “Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction” (posted on May, 10th and on May 16th respectively.
           “Embryo Implantation………” (Part-1 and Part- 2—-Posted August 2012)
           “Traveling for IVF from Out of State/Country– The Process at SIRM-Las Vegas” (posted on March, 21st 2012)
           “A personalized, stepwise approach to IVF at SIRM”; Parts 1 & 2 (posted March, 2012)
           “IVF success: Factors that influence outcome”

          Once having reviewed these articles, consider calling 800-780-7437 or 702-699-7437 to arrange a telephone or Skype consultation (free of charge to those who reside in the United States or Canada). While an audiovisual (Skype) interaction is much more personable and preferable than a discussion by telephone, either will suffice.

          Geoff Sher

          Reply
      11. Lindsay says:
        October 28, 2012 at 8:35 pm

        Thank you for your response. I will look into everything you have suggested.

        Thanks again,
        Lindsay

        Reply
      12. Fran Clark says:
        November 17, 2012 at 4:18 am

        Hi,
        Yesterday my husband and I got the news that our first round of IVF was not successful. I have hashimoto’s disease and was placed on prednisone after our egg retrieval. My fertiliy specialist put me on it as my anti-bodies were still too high for his liking but upon speaking with my endocronologist he told my fertility doctor to go ahead. Anyways, I was on 5mg of apo-prednisone and at the time of retreival and transfer I was on 112 of synthroid. 3 Days after my embryo transfer my endocronologist adjusted my thryoid medication to 125 because my antibodies had not changed since he tested them last in July. My question to you is do you think that my antibodies attacked my embryos? We go back to our fertility doctor November 27th to discuss our next plan of action. We are desparate to have a child and age is also a factor. I will be 40 in January.

        Reply
        • Geoffrey Sher says:
          November 17, 2012 at 1:48 pm

          Fifty percent of women who have thyroid antibodies will have an autoimmune implantation dysfunction associated with uterine natural killer cell activation. It is quite possible that byou are one of those and if so, no regulation of your thyroid hormones or even prednisone treatment will solve t he problem. You will need Intralipid +m steroid in the proper format to overcome this. You need your blood tested for NKa by the K-562 target cell test. There are only about 4 reproductive immunology laboratories in the U.S that can do this properly.

          Please go to http://www.IVFauthority.com and when you get to the home page find the “search bar” in the right hand column. Type in the following subjects into the bar and it will take you to all the relevant articles I posted there.

           “Autoimmune Thyroid disease and IVF”
           “Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction” (posted on May, 10th and on May 16th respectively.
           “Embryo Implantation………” (Part-1 and Part- 2—-Posted August 2012)
           “Traveling for IVF from Out of State/Country– The Process at SIRM-Las Vegas” (posted on March, 21st 2012)
           “A personalized, stepwise approach to IVF at SIRM”; Parts 1 & 2 (posted March, 2012)
           “IVF success: Factors that influence outcome”

          Consider calling 800-780-7437 or 702-699-7437 to arrange a telephone or Skype consultation (free of charge to those who reside in the United States or Canada). While an audiovisual (Skype) interaction is much more personable and preferable than a discussion by telephone, either will suffice.

          Geoff Sher

          Reply
      13. Mindy says:
        December 10, 2012 at 6:39 pm

        Hi Dr. Sher,

        My husband and I have 1 child who is 6, and we have been trying to conceive a second child for 5 years. We have tried 7 IUIs, one that resulted in a pregnancy, but at the 6 week ultrasound (due to spotting) revealed that there was no fetus. I was soon diagnosed with Hashimoto’s, which has been treated now for 3 years. Recently, I found out that I have anti-sperm antibodies (17%). My husband’s blood test also revealed anti-sperm antibodies, but was not considered positive because the percentage was only 10%. Through genetic testing, I found out that I am also have MTHFR (both genes mutated). I am on Folbee for this.

        I was wondering if IVF with ICSI is even a good option for us. I am 38 years old, which I know also lowers our success rate and increases our risks. I did not know if the success rate would be high enough to even consider doing IVF, considering the autoimmune issues that I have. If IVF is a possibility, should intralipids be considered?

        Thank you for any information. It is truly appreciated.

        Reply
        • Geoffrey Sher says:
          December 10, 2012 at 9:25 pm

          Hi Mindy,

          I might be able to be of help. You need to know that 50% of women who have autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease) also have autoimmune implantation dysfunction that prevents reproductive success (see below).Please go to http://www.IVFauthority.com and when you get to the home page find the “search bar” in the right hand column. Type in the following subjects into the bar and it will take you to all the relevant articles I posted there.

           “Thyroid autoimmune disease and IVF”
           “Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction” (posted on May, 10th and on May 16th respectively.
           “Embryo Implantation………” (Part-1 and Part- 2—-Posted August 2012)
           “Traveling for IVF from Out of State/Country– The Process at SIRM-Las Vegas” (posted on March, 21st 2012)
           “A personalized, stepwise approach to IVF at SIRM”; Parts 1 & 2 (posted March, 2012)
           “IVF success: Factors that influence outcome”

          Consider calling 800-780-7437 or 702-699-7437 to arrange a telephone or Skype consultation (free of charge to those who reside in the United States or Canada). While an audiovisual (Skype) interaction is much more personable and preferable than a discussion by telephone, either will suffice.

          Geoff Sher

          Reply
      14. Lucy says:
        April 15, 2013 at 1:11 pm

        Dear Dr Sher,
        I am getting ready for a new ivf round and my RE will do some testings before. I see he wants to test me for APA but I am more concerned about the Nka test. Will the APA test provide any answer about the Nka too or do I have to do a specific blood test for Nka?

        Thank you!
        Lucy

        Reply
        • Geoffrey Sher says:
          April 15, 2013 at 10:28 pm

          There are specific blood and endometrial tests for NK cell activity. Also only a handful of Reproductive immunology labs in the country can do them adequately. The blood test is called a K-562 Target cell test band the uterine test is a “cytokine analysis”

          Feel free to call 800-780-7437 or 702-699-7437 to arrange a Skype consultation (free of charge to those who reside in the United States or Canada) with me so we can discuss your case in detail

          Geoff Sher

          Reply

      Leave a Reply

       
      Case Study: Hydrosalpinx (Blocked/Fluid Filled Fallopian Tubes) and IVF Failure

      RL, a 31-year-old woman, presented with a 7 year history of inability to conceive, in spite of 2 prior fresh and 1 frozen IVF ... Read more

      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Why IVF Pregnancies Are “Higher Risk”

      While many IVF pregnancies will progress normally and without any increased risk to mother or baby, there is little doubt ... Read more

      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Recurrent Unexplained IVF Failure with “Good Quality” Embryos

      The following is a case study of a recent patient that came to me for treatment.  CJ, a 34 year old, and her husband RJ ... Read more

      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Karmann and Ryan’s Journey – My Approach to Their Treatment

       Please refer to last week's blog post, where Karmann tells in her own words her struggles with recurrent miscarriage - nine ... Read more

      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...

      Top Search Terms for In Vitro Fertilization

      Dr. Geoffrey Sher Recommends

      Embryo Quality & Embryo “Competence” – Part III – Testing the Seed
      This is the third and final post in three part series on embryo quality. In the prior two posts, I outlined the intrinsic/physiological factors and the clinical factors that can impact embryo “competence”.  In this post, I will discuss the rol... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Embryo Quality & Embryo “Competence” – Part One: Planting a Good Seed
      “At 45 years of age the incidence of aneuploidy is likely to be nine in ten.” Several weeks ago, I posted an article about endometrial receptivity and its effect on IVF success. This, as I noted, was the “Soil” component of the “See... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      The Needle vs. the Dish: Should ICSI Be Used in All IVF?
      The introduction of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection or ICSI has made it possible to fertilize eggs with sperm derived from men with the severest degrees of male infertility. What’s more, pregnancy rates achieved by this method of fertilization are... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Embryo Implantation: What Farmers Can Teach us About Growing Healthy Babies
      I often refer to the conception process in terms of a “seed/soil” relationship.  Just as a plant can’t grow and thrive without first assuring that both seed and soil are good, neither can a pregnancy be successful without both the seed (e... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Acupuncture and IVF: Does it Improve Success?
      Acupuncture involves the insertion of thin needles into the skin along so-called meridians (energy channels). It has been used in China for centuries to regulate and treat many health disorders including ailments involving the female reproductive sys... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #17: Why Didn’t I Get Pregnant When I Used a Young Egg Donor and Had Good Quality Embryos?
      This is #17 in a series of answers to common questions about failed IVF. For women whose advancing age and/or ovarian resistance make having a baby with their own eggs unfeasible or unlikely, IVF using donated eggs from a young donor (under 35 years)... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #15: Might My Mental State Have Played a Role?
      This is the 15th in a series of responses to common questions about failed IVF There is little doubt that stress and emotional lability plays a role in the normal physiological/hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle.After all, Eskimos often stopp... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Understanding Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction Part 1: Setting the Stage for Selective Immunotherapy with Intralipid and IVIg
      It is an unfortunate reality that many IVF programs attach little importance to factors that affect embryo implantation in general, and immunologic implantation dysfunction (IID) in specific (see below). Perhaps the lack of attention given to evaluat... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      IVF: Coping With the Emotional Roller Coaster Ride
      Procreation – and with it the ability to achieve immortality by living on through one’s children – is one of the most insatiable human needs. This strong natural urge exerts tremendous pressure on couples unable to have a baby. And ... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      DQ alpha/HLA Sharing: Does It Always Lead To Reproductive Failure?
      It is not unusual for couples who share DQ alpha/HLA similarities to first give birth to a healthy baby only to subsequently develop infertility, recurrent IVF failure or recurrent pregnancy loss. Such couples find it hard to comprehend how after hav... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Dr. Geoffrey Sher Recommends

      CGH Embryo vs. Blastocyst vs. Cleaved Embryo
      IVF Success Rate Reporting – Are We There Yet?
      Please join me on Wed, February 6 at 8:30pm Eastern for a live webinar where I’ll discuss this topic in detail and take your questions. For more information or to register, click HERE ————- I have, for many years, tak... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      IVF Success Rate Statistics: The Time Has Come to Revise the Present Reporting System
      IVF programs currently report their outcome statistics in a number of categories: a)      Number of IVF cycles initiated in a given year b)      Number of single and multiple pregnancies that occurred c)      Number of cycles that res... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Mother Gives Birth Using Daughter’s Eggs: Was It “Ill Conceived”?
      I wish to share a very interesting case with you; one that I’m pretty sure will meet with the approval of some and evoke criticism by others. Before I even tell you about it, let me say that I and my team thought long and hard before going ahead wi... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      IVF Authority - Dr. Sher's Blog
      Gender Selection in IVF: What Is Its Place?
      Couples have for centuries sought to influence the gender of their offspring. More than seven centuries ago the ancient Chinese developed a birth calendar said to be able to predict gender on the basis of when conception occurred. Later, the ancient ... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Acupuncture and IVF: Does it Improve Success?
      Acupuncture involves the insertion of thin needles into the skin along so-called meridians (energy channels). It has been used in China for centuries to regulate and treat many health disorders including ailments involving the female reproductive sys... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Understanding Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction Part 2: A Rational Basis for Selective Intralipid & IVIg Immunotherapy in IVF
      ALLOIMMUNE VS. AUTOIMMUNE DYSFUNCTION Alloimmune Implantation Dysfunction Every human being has two DQ-alpha genes. One is contributed by the father and the other by the mother. In a small percentage of patients undergoing IVF, paternal-maternal DQ-a... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Understanding Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction Part 1: Setting the Stage for Selective Immunotherapy with Intralipid and IVIg
      It is an unfortunate reality that many IVF programs attach little importance to factors that affect embryo implantation in general, and immunologic implantation dysfunction (IID) in specific (see below). Perhaps the lack of attention given to evaluat... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      DQ-alpha Matching in IVF: The Controversy, How It Affects Outcome, & How to Treat!
      IVF patients, especially those who find themselves inexplicably repeatedly failing treatment after treatment are no longer willing to blindly accept platitudes from those who would ignore the role of immunologic causes of IVF failure while unable to ... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Unexplained Infertility: True Diagnosis or Cop Out?
      For about 10% of all infertile couples, the cause of the infertility cannot be readily determined using conventional diagnostic methods. Such cases are often referred to as “unexplained infertility.” The truth, however, is that in most su... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Egg Banking of Genetically (CGH)-Tested Eggs Could Change The Face Of IVF-Ovum Donation
      For more than a quarter century, medical scientists have attempted to defy the biological clock by freezing a woman’s eggs to preserve her fertility. Most of these efforts have failed. Consider the fact that since the birth of the world’s 1st “... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Case Study: Hydrosalpinx (Blocked/Fluid Filled Fallopian Tubes) and IVF Failure
      RL, a 31-year-old woman, presented with a 7 year history of inability to conceive, in spite of 2 prior fresh and 1 frozen IVF attempts, where a total of six good quality blastocysts had been transferred to her uterus.  Her husband PL, had normal spe... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Recurrent Unexplained IVF Failure with “Good Quality” Embryos
      The following is a case study of a recent patient that came to me for treatment.  CJ, a 34 year old, and her husband RJ (age 35) presented to me with a six-year history of infertility. Based on semen analysis, RJ, who had initiated two pregnancies i... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Karmann and Ryan’s Journey – My Approach to Their Treatment
       Please refer to last week’s blog post, where Karmann tells in her own words her struggles with recurrent miscarriage – nine miscarriages to be exact – and her long journey  of heartbreak, disappointment, and finally – hope.... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Wennerlinds
      Karmann and Ryan – Nine Miscarriages, Then Hope!
      In observation of National Infertility Awareness Week (NIAW), I wanted to share the touching story of a couple that I first met last year – after they had already experienced 8 years of heartbreak and frustration.  Their story is representativ... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      IVF in a Same-Sex Male Couple: A Case Study
      Background: About two years ago, I received a call from a gentleman that I will call “John”. John was a movie producer who stated that he and his partner “Brian” had been in a monogamous same-sex relationship for 7 years and each wanted to si... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Recurrent Molar Pregnancy Treated By “IVF Genetic Chess”
      Background: Maria (fictitious name), a childless 34-year-old Hispanic lady, presented with a history of having had five (5) successive spontaneous pregnancy losses at 7 weeks gestation, all due to hydatidiform moles. Four (4) of these losses were ... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Case Study: Donor Egg IVF in a Post Menopausal Woman
      Mary (fictitious name), a 54 year menopausal woman, presented at SIRM-Las Vegas for IVF using an egg donor. She had been menopausal for 7-plus years and had NOT been on any hormone replacement therapy. Mary gave a history of having undergone IVF with... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Case Study: Endometriosis Presenting as “Unexplained Infertility”
      I consulted with a 36 year old lady (whom I will refer to as “Sandra”) and her partner, about 18 months ago. She and her husband of 5 years had been having regular unprotected intercourse throughout this time and had been unable to conceive. Sand... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Case Study: Pelvic Tuberculosis, Hypothyroidism, and Immune Implantation Dysfunction
      About 18 months ago I saw an Asian Indian couple who presented with a very interesting history. The female partner (whom I will refer to as DB) had regular menstrual cycles and normal ovarian reserve, was ovulating regularly and had a fertile male pa... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Dear Dr. Sher: A Healthy Baby Followed by Multiple Miscarriages
      This is the second in a series of posts taken from questions that have been submitted to me via email, website, or discussion boards.  This question is from a patient who had a healthy baby from her first pregnancy, but then went through a period of... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Karmann and Ryan’s Journey – My Approach to Their Treatment
       Please refer to last week’s blog post, where Karmann tells in her own words her struggles with recurrent miscarriage – nine miscarriages to be exact – and her long journey  of heartbreak, disappointment, and finally – hope.... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      Why Did My IVF Fail? Part 2 – Uterine Receptivity and Transfer Technique
      This is the second part of a two-part post on IVF failure. In my January 22nd post, I discussed what I often refer to as the “seed” variable in the “seed/soil” relationship – the embryo. This week’s post will address the “soil” variab... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #19: Why Do I Keep Having Chemical Pregnancies and Miscarrying?
      This is the 19th in a series of answers to common questions about failed IVF. Early pregnancy loss – whether due to miscarriage or chemical pregnancy – is due to two major factors. In more than 70-80% of cases the cause is attributable to... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #18: My Fertility Clinic Reports a High Success Rate – How Could I Have 2 Failed Cycles In A Row?
      This is no. 18 in a series of answers to common questions about failed IVF. While it is true that IVF failure can be due to preventable factors, it is as important to understand that optimal medical care does not always equate with an optimal outcome... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #17: Why Didn’t I Get Pregnant When I Used a Young Egg Donor and Had Good Quality Embryos?
      This is #17 in a series of answers to common questions about failed IVF. For women whose advancing age and/or ovarian resistance make having a baby with their own eggs unfeasible or unlikely, IVF using donated eggs from a young donor (under 35 years)... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #16: Why did my hCG levels stop rising properly?
      This is the 16th in a series of answers to common questions about failed IVF. Immediately following implantation, the root system (trophoblast) of the embryo begins to release the pregnancyhormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) into the surround... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #15: Might My Mental State Have Played a Role?
      This is the 15th in a series of responses to common questions about failed IVF There is little doubt that stress and emotional lability plays a role in the normal physiological/hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle.After all, Eskimos often stopp... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #14: Could it Have Been Due to Inadequate Hormonal Support After the Egg Retrieval & Embryo Transfer?
      This is the 14th in a series of answers to common questions about failed IVF. In vitro fertilization establishes an abnormal hormonal environment in the uterus.In some cases (especially older women and those with a diminished ovarian reserve), high o... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #13: Did the Number of Embryos I Had Transferred Play a Role?
      This is the 13th in a series of answers to common questions about failed IVF. Virtually everyone recognizes that pregnancy with multiples (especially triplets or greater) is associated with a high incidence of premature delivery that has serious cons... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...
      My IVF Cycle Failed – What Went Wrong? Question #12: Might the Timing of Embryo Transfer – Day 2-3 (Cleaved) vs. Day 5-6 (Blastocyst) Play a Role?
      This is the 12th in a series of answers to common questions about failed IVF. (Note: I’ll be hosting a live video chat on Aug. 2 on the topic of Failed IVF where I’ll discuss the issues addressed in this series of posts and take your ques... more
      1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars
      Loading ... Loading ...

      Ask Dr. Geoffrey Sher

      PST: Pacific Standard Time
      CAPTCHA Image

      Enter Code*:
      Reload Image
      Business Hours
      Mon - Fri ( 9a - 5p ) PST
      CALL US TOLL FREE : (866)428-3222
      Ask Our Doctors
      A Question

      Latest News and Events

      Couple Celebrates Mother’s Day Thanks to SIRM-Dal..
      Dr. Fisch Leaving SIRM
      Webinar with Dr. Sher – Immunologic Causes of Inf..
      Fox News: Dr. Sher Discusses Possible Hope For Infertil..
      Southwest moms share their stories of trials and tribul..
      7 Simple Things You Can Do to Increase Infertility Awar..
      Karmann and Ryan – Nine Miscarriages, Then Hope!..
      Farewell Robert Edwards and Thank You!
      Dr. Browne Passes RE Board Certification