Unexplained IVF Failure: Can it be Caused by a Hereditary Clotting Defect (Thrombophilia)?
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Hereditary thrombophilia is defined as the genetic predisposition to develop intravascular thrombosis. It affects as many as one in five people in the United States and at least 60% of women who experience recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and/or recurrent IVF failures (RIF). It is due to hypercoagulability of the blood leading to impairment of initial vascularization that takes place during implantation. Aside from increasing the risk of RPL and RIF, hereditary thrombophilia is also associated with late pregnancy-induced complications such as preeclampsia, premature separation of the placenta (abruptio placenta), placental insufficiency with intrauterine growth retardation and in still birth. This having been said, it is a fact that most women with a thrombophilia experience healthy pregnancies.
Thrombophilia occurs in association with one or more of the following risk factors:
- Mutational defect involving methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), which occurs in at least 20% of affected cases. Homozygosity for a common C677T mutation in the MTHFR gene that is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia is the most common form of hereditary thrombophilia leading to a 3-fold increase in risk of complications.
- Mutation of factor V Leiden (FVL), which increases the risk of recurrent early pregnancy loss, 3-4 fold
- A mutation of prothrombin G20210A, which reportedly increases the risk of early pregnancy loss 2-4 fold
- Deficiency of antithrombin III
- Deficiency of protein C
- Deficiency of protein S
- Increase in antiphospholipid antibodies (APA), i.e. “APA Syndrome”
All pregnant women with a history of having had a blood clot should be offered testing for hereditary thrombophilias. Also women with a family history of blood clots, pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lung), strokes, or a history of the pregnancy complications referred to above should be tested.
Low-dose aspirin with the B vitamins folic acid, B6 and B12 can be given to women who have milder thrombophilias and no history of pregnancy complications. Women found to have severe varieties (e.g. homozygous MTHFR mutations. Protein C deficiency or prothrombin G20210A mutation) and those who have experienced one or more of the thrombophilia-related complications mentioned above , are best treated , with low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH), begining with the chemical diagnosis of pregnancy and continuing for at least 6 weeks following delivery.
8 Responses to “Unexplained IVF Failure: Can it be Caused by a Hereditary Clotting Defect (Thrombophilia)?”
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Dr. Sher: To your knowledge, does Factor V Leiden in males pose a problem for couples pursuing IVF? I am a 40 year old male diagnosed with Factor V Leiden but have not experienced any problems related to this condition. My wife and I have unsuccessfully pursued 3 IVF cycles and I am wondering if the Leiden mutation may have some relevance. Thanks.
Aside from the possibility of transmiting the trait to your offspring…no!
Geoff Sher
I know this blog post is two years old, but I was hoping for some advice.
We have been trying to conceive for 2.5 years now, without success. We fell pregnant in 2010 but lost the baby at 10 weeks in April due to a blighted ovum. We tried again naturally for a year and got pregnant in March, but lost the baby at 7 weeks this May. My OBGYN ordered RPL bloodwork which showed that I have one copy of the MTHFR mutation. They told me to start 81mg of baby aspirin daily, which I have done. All other fertility testing has been negative for us (husband’s sperm analysis, thyroid, progesterone, internal exam, HSG). I chart with BBT and ovulation prediction tests each cycle and believe that I ovulate regularly. So, my questions for you:
1. Is there anything else I should be doing to help us conceive?
2. Can a MTHFR mutation affect the ability to conceive or just the ability to maintain a pregnancy?
3. I have done some reading that MTHFR mutation increases the risk of congenital heart malformations and neural tube defects…is this true? And if so, should I be taking more folic acid (such as Folgard) than just a prenatal, and if so, how much more? Should I be taking Lovenox rather than just a baby aspirin?
4. I also believe that I may have mild to moderate endometriosis, although I have never had a laparoscopy to formally be diagnosed with this problem. In the presence of endo and MTHFR mutation, what are the chances of us conceiving naturally? And what fertility treatment option would give us the best chance of conception?
Thanks in advance for your response, and thanks for keeping us informed and educated via this blog.
I doubt this is thrombophplia related. You could have an immunologic implantation dysfunction. Perhaps we should talk. Call 702-282-7437 for a free medical telephone consultation
You need 4mg colic acid daily.
Geoff Sher
Hello Dr. Sher,
I have two copies of the C677T gene. I’ve tested twice my homocysteine and folic acid levels and they are within range. We’re about to start trying to get pregnant. What else should I test for and should I be taking anything?
So many thanks. This is overwhelming and a bit frightening( it seems like all you read is stories of difficulty).
I would love to help. However, I would need much more to go on. Consider calling 800-780-7437 or 702-699-7437 to arrange a telephone or Skype consultation (free of charge to those who reside in the United States or Canada) with me so we can discuss your case in detail.. While an audiovisual (Skype) interaction is much more personable and preferable than a discussion by telephone, either will suffice.
Geoff Sher
Thanks so much Dr Sher! I will call tomorrow.
You are welcome.
Geoff Sher